[72] This episode earned Craxi an article in The Economist titled "Europe's strong man" and a standing ovation in the Senate of the Republic, which included his Communist opponents. No party was spared, but in some parties corruption had become more endemic than elsewhere (either because of more opportunity or internal ethics). Umberto Cicconi, 61 anni, è stato il fotografo personale di Bettino Craxi dal 1980 al 2000, l'anno della morte. However, the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party, whose highly charismatic leader, Enrico Berlinguer, was a fierce adversary of Craxi's policies through the years. Si moltiplicano le iniziative in ricordo del leader socialista: è proprio la Fondazione Craxi a organizzare il viaggio del ventennale in Tunisia, "Hammamet 2020". Bettino Craxi con il cameramen Augusto Arcangeli nella sua casa di Hammamet, nel 1999, durante un'intervista per la Tv svizzera 14 Gen 2020 Bettino Craxi nella sua casa di Hammamet, in Tunisia, nel 1999. Some bribes didn't go to the parties at all. HAMMAMET TUNISIA: CLAUDIO CORONATI COMMENTA VILLA BETTINO CRAXI INSIEME A SOULTANA ATTRICE PRINCIPALE DEL FILM BOUKIYOD DELL' EMERGENTE REGISTA MAROCCHINA FATIMA ALI BOUBEKDI Ad Hammamet, però, c’era anche Anna Craxi: «I ruoli erano molto chiari, nessuno negava che io esistessi, c’era il massimo rispetto. Hammamet: la città di Craxi Hammamet è una città della Tunisia, una località costiera situata a sud-est di Cap Bon, nel Governatorato di Nabeul, ed è la principale località turistica del paese. Against trade union resistance, the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation (a mechanism known as scala mobile or "escalator"), under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation. The property was built in 2016 and features air-conditioned accommodation with a balcony. [24], In 1966, with the formation of the Unified Socialist Party, a political alliance between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, Craxi became provincial secretary of the PSU in Milan, along with by the social democrat Enrico Rizzi and Renzo Peruzzotti.[25]. [17], After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como, where he moved with his family in 1945. [9][10][11] Craxi's supporters especially praised his foreign policy, which was assertive and often led to confrontations with the United States, on issues such as Palestine, terrorism and Craxi's close relations with Arab socialist governments. [40], Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats, its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election. Around Hammamet, suburbs are being built as migrants from the southern region of the country come to find employment. [66], Internationally, Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985, when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro. In November 1956 he was elected town councilor in Sant'Angelo Lodigiano (birthplace of his mother) from, and in 1957 he was elected to the Central Committee of the PSI representing the autonomist current Pietro Nenni. [56] The Church's position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended, replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille, to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. In 1963 he was appointed leader of the Milan Provincial Secretariat of the PSI and in 1965 Craxi became a member of the National Leadership. Thanks to its beaches, it is a popular destination for swimming and water sports and is one of the primary tourist destinations in Tunisia. As mentioned before, during the "Mani pulite" period Craxi tried to use a daring defence tactic: he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally, however they could get it, to finance their activities. The Christian Democrats accepted this compromise to avoid a new election. [53] In the field of family welfare, legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system "so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded. Forse lo Stato africano della Tunisia su Craxi si dimostrò molto più “europeo” dell’Italia. La popolazione, infatti, varia durante l’anno a causa delle … Coordinates: 36°24′N 10°37′E / 36.400°N 10.617°E / 36.400; 10.617, List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/610659.stm, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/klee/ho_1984.315.4.htm, https://www.bento.de/sport/sami-khedira-sechs-fakten-ueber-den-nationalspieler-a-00000000-0003-0001-0000-000000603744, https://www.nevers.fr/decouvrir-nevers/jumelages/les-villes-jumelees, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammamet,_Tunisia&oldid=988648506, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 November 2020, at 12:39. "Sigonella crisis" American armed forces) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs. All three appeals by Craxi to Strasbourg Court complained that his defense was not able to refute in court the accusations made by various defendants of related crimes, in violation of the adversarial principle proclaimed in article 6 paragraph 3 letter d of the European Convention of Human Rights. [34] On 9 May 1978 Moro's body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment, during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called "people's court" set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners. Craxi's lifestyle was perceived to be inappropriate for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems: he lived in the Raphael, an expensive hotel in Rome's centre, and had a large villa in Hammamet, Tunisia. A few months later Bettino returned to college, first in Como and then in Cantù, where he thought to start the seminary. Former Italian prime minister Bettino Craxi moved to Hammamet in 1994 as a fugitive. Finisce così Hammamet di Gianni Amelio, il film sugli ultimi sei mesi di vita di Craxi. They were Paolo Bagnoli, Orietta Baldelli, Francesco Barra, Luigi Biscardi, Guido De Martino, Gianni Fardin, Carlo Gubbini, Maria Rosaria Manieri, Cesare Marini, Maria Antonia Modolo, Michele Sellitti, Giancarlo Tapparo, Antonino Valletta and Antonio Vozzi. It is located in the south-eastern section of Cap Bon and is part of the Nabeul Governorate. [69], This move was supposedly dictated both by security concerns about terrorists targeting Italy if the United States had had it their way and by the Italian tradition of diplomacy with the Arab world. Hammamet (Arabic: حمامات ‎ ḥamāmāt) is a town in Tunisia. The PSI, that had obtained only 11%, threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister. Ad Hammamet Gregorio Romeo ha incontrato alcuni dei partecipanti alle celebrazioni. Hammamet è diventata famosa in Italia per aver ospitato Bettino Craxi nel corso della sua latitanza dal 1994 fino alla sua morte. It was a town (now in the suburbs of Hammamet) that became a Roman colony in the 2nd century. [26], In 1972 with the re-election of Francesco De Martino as National Secretary of the Socialist Party during the Genoa Congress, Craxi was confirmed with Giovanni Mosca in the role of Deputy Secretary, receiving the commission to treat the international relations of the party. De Martino, pointing to a new alliance with the Communists, was forced to resign and opened a serious crisis within the party. Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party. Bettino campaigned for his father and later joined the Italian Socialist Party at the age of 17. [22], In 1958 the party sent him to Sesto San Giovanni as a responsible of the organization; in November 1960 he was elected city councilor in Milan with more than 1,000 preferences and became assessor in the junta of Gino Cassinis. [50] Abolishing the escalator system did help reduce inflation, which was also falling in other major countries, but in the long term it inevitably increased industrial action as workers had to bargain for better salaries. His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from Sant'Angelo Lodigiano. Un lavoro molto atteso a vent’anni esatti dalla morte dell’ex leader del Psi. Quattro gli eventi tenuti fra il 18 e il 19 gennaio. La riforma della scala mobile, Il libro che racconta di Craxi e di quando tagliò la scala mobile, Il debito pubblico italiano, quando e chi lo ha formato, Gli accordi di Villa Madama: dalla Costituente a Craxi, Craxi al congresso del PSOE: "Obiettivo unità socialista", Sigonella, così Reagan capitolò davanti all’ira funesta di Craxi, Quella volta che a Sigonella Craxi rese l'Italia un paese sovrano, La Nato, Sigonella, Craxi e Spadolini. Some of the students waved 1,000-lire bills, singing Bettino, do you want these too? [7][8], Craxi maintained strong links with many leaders of the European left, including François Mitterrand, Felipe González, Andreas Papandreou and Mário Soares and was one of the main representatives of Mediterranean or South European socialism. At the same time, the PSI increased its presence in the big state-owned enterprises, and became heavily involved in corruption and illegal party funding which would eventually result in the Mani pulite investigations. Bettino Craxi, all'anagrafe Benedetto Craxi (Milano, 24 febbraio 1934 – Hammamet, 19 gennaio 2000), è stato un politico italiano, Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri dal 4 agosto 1983 al 18 aprile 1987 e Segretario del Partito Socialista Italiano dal 15 luglio 1976 all'11 febbraio 1993.. The reported number of inhabitants varies from 100,000 to 400,000 and the population quadruples due to tourists' arrival in the summer. [31], Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer, a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists. During his premiership the Socialist Party gained popularity. [5] He always rejected the charges of corruption while admitting to the illegal funding which permitted costly political activity, the PSI being less financially powerful than the two larger parties, Christian Democracy and the Communists. Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993. [14] This name was given him by his long-time ally and rival at the same time, Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti. [80] In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italy's second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one. However, he was able to consolidate power and implement his policies. [16] His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from Sant'Angelo Lodigiano. He died and was buried there in 2000. As a consequence, a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the party's financing system. [27], As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported, also financially, some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries, including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende, of whom Craxi was a personal friend. [65] He also played a role in the 1987 seizure of power in Tunisia by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. [49] However, inflation was often in the double digits. It was informal ideology of the Socialist Party from 1976 to 1994. [79], The alternative which Craxi had wanted so much was taking shape: the idea of a "Social Unity" with the other left-wing political parties, including the PCI, proposed by Craxi in 1989 after the fall of communism. The climate is very much like the climate in Sousse. Il cantautore napoletano è in Tunisia al raduno per il ventennale della morte del leader socialista. : Venezia : Marsilio, 2009. They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them. Meanwhile, he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino, Craxi founded the "Socialist University Nucleus" joining the "New University" group and adhering to the CUDI (Italian Democratic University Centre), the student group that supported the left-wing forces. It was eventually eliminated altogether in 1985. This permitted Gaddafi and his family to evacuate their residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound moments before the bombs dropped. [71] Craxi rejected the US extradition order and let Abu Abbas – chief of the hijackers, present on the plane – flee to Yugoslavia; the four hijackers were later found guilty, and sentenced to prison terms for hijacking and the murder of a Jewish American citizen, Leon Klinghoffer. Other figures were Craxi's mistresses Ania Pieroni, who owned a TV station in the Rome area, and Sandra Milo, who had a skyrocketing career in the state-owned TV channels RAI. Ascesa e crollo dell'impero del CAF, Bettino Craxi, il riformista e la sinistra italiana, La storia del PSI. He led the third-longest government in the Italian Republic and he is considered one of the most powerful and prominent politicians of the so-called First Republic. More followed in January and February, at which point the Court of Milan explicitly asked Parliament to authorise Craxi's prosecution for bribery and corruption (at the time, Italian MPs were immune from prosecution unless authorised by Parliament). Gravemente malato, è accudito dalla figlia; quando il figlio d’un amico fa irruzione, se lo tiene caro – ed il ragazzo, a sua volta, non sa se odiarlo od ammirarlo. "[62], In the international arena, Craxi helped dissidents and Socialist parties throughout the world to organise and become independent. Furthermore, public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians. Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communists in the governing coalition, in particular, within Christian Democracy, the largest party in Italy from 1945 until the end of the First Republic. [29], Bettino Craxi was appointed to the vacant position of National Secretary of the party, ending years of factional fighting within the PSI. He was the first Italian Socialist Party member to become Prime Minister and the third from a socialist party to hold the office. He believed that the collapse of communism in eastern Europe had undermined the PCI and made Social Unity inevitable. It borders a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) and a Hot semi-arid climate (BSh) due to dry ground and hot temperatures in the summer. (from a traditional stadium chant). “ Hammamet “: un racconto intimista degli ultimi anni di Bettino Craxi, durante l’auto-esilio in Tunisia. Hammamet (Arabic: حمامات‎ Ḥammāmāt, literally "Baths") is a town in Tunisia. [85] The European Court ruled in his favor once, in the case of wiretapped conversations illegally made public. [89] Craxi's tomb is in the small Christian cemetery in Hammamet; according to some sources it is orientated towards Italy,[90] but, following a 2017 survey, this has revealed to be erroneous. Nella Marina Hammamet si tiene annualmente il festival musicale Night in Tunisia… [73], According to Giulio Andreotti, Italy's foreign minister at the time (and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham (Libya's Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009), Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986. It is particularly known for jasmine, which is the namesake of the tourist resort of Yasmine Hammamet. Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi, he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony, sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato. In the end, the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil. He successfully boosted the country's GNP and controlled inflation. [20], During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking, organizing conferences, debates, film screenings, and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan, and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation.[21]. Italy's entire political class, including people like Andreotti and Forlani, was to follow suit soon. Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. As a popular tourist destination, the city is economically important to Tunisia.