[110], The immune response to infection can involve up to 2,423 genes, or 13.7% of the genome. [71], A March 2000 study by National Human Genome Research Institute comparing the fruit fly and human genome estimated that about 60% of genes are conserved between the two species. [72] About 75% of known human disease genes have a recognizable match in the genome of fruit flies,[73] and 50% of fly protein sequences have mammalian homologs[citation needed]. Genetic approaches dominated the first 50 years of research in Drosophila (1910–1960), concentrating on dissecting the principles of inheritance. [22] Gonadotropic hormones in Drosophila maintain homeostasis and govern reproductive output via a cyclic interrelationship, not unlike the mammalian estrous cycle. In the absence of sex-lethal, doublesex will have the fourth exon removed and be translated up to and including exon 6 (DSX-M[ale]), while in its presence the fourth exon which encodes a stop codon will produce a truncated version of the protein (DSX-F[emale]). Aroused by curiosity, he bred the fly with normal (red-eyed) females. Males are easily distinguished from females based on colour differences, with a distinct black patch at the abdomen, less noticeable in recently emerged flies, and the sexcombs (a row of dark bristles on the tarsus of the first leg). Sexually naïve D. melanogaster males are known to spend significant time courting interspecifically, such as with D. simulans flies. Morgan started his experiments in1907. Consequently, flies deficient for AMPs resemble Imd pathway mutants in terms of susceptibility to bacterial infection. [170] The order of grooming behaviors in the suppression hierarchy is thought to be related to the priority of cleaning a specific body part. In males, the third exon is included which encodes a stop codon, causing a truncated form to be produced. Specifically, this occurs through the impairment of Octopamine and dopamine signaling, which are important pathways for regulating arousal in insects. Morgan apparently began breeding Drosophila in 1908. Work over the following 30 years has shown that these mutations (and others like them) affect a group of genes and their products that form a biochemical or biological clock. Analyses suggest that Drosophila may exhibit a compromise between the most stable and most robust gait at a given walking speed. He was the first to discover sex-linkage and genetic recombination, which placed the small fly in the forefront of genetic research. Robustness refers to how much offset in the timing of a legs stance can be tolerated before the fly becomes statically unstable. Sensory neurons in the uterus of female D. melanogaster respond to a male protein, sex peptide, which is found in semen. Hemocytes also possess a significant role in mediating humoral immune responses such as the melanization reaction. Drosophila melanogaster are preferred over vertebrate models as a research tool in genetic studies due to its basic food requirements, its ability to produce large numbers of progeny in a short period of time, and quick life cycle. The Drosophila melanogaster genome includes 18 different genes that encode members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, a modest number compared to some invertebrate species such as Caenorhabditis (Table 248.1).A large number of Drosophila hormone receptors (DHRs) have been identified and named based on their deduced amino acid sequence (e.g., DHR38, DHR78, etc. During larval development, tissues known as imaginal discs grow inside the larva. [179] During these turns, a fly is able to rotate 90° in less than 50 milliseconds. The mother puts feces on the egg sacs to establish the same microbial composition in the larvae's guts that has worked positively for herself. The first documented use of Drosophila in the laboratory was by William Castle's group at Harvard in 1901, although the “father” of Drosophila research is undoubtedly Thomas Hunt Morgan 1.Morgan greatly refined the theory of inheritance first proposed by Gregor Mendel, by using Drosophila to define genes and establish that they were found within chromosomes (long before it was even … Drosophila are small flies in the order Diptera and family Drosophilidae. For their extensive researches on Drosophila, T.H. D. melanogaster has a fat body, which is analogous to the human liver. [32] The reproductive success of males and females varies, because a female only needs to mate once to reach maximum fertility. Unlike humans, the Y chromosome does not confer maleness; rather, it encodes genes necessary for making sperm. It is a holometabolous insect with life cycle inclusive of four discrete stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult (imago) form. However, like most behaviors requiring arousal and wakefulness, aggression was found to be impaired via sleep deprivation. He then mated the heterozygous red-eyed F1 progeny to obtain the F… Female flies have two X chromosomes, and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Drosophila melanogaster, known generally as a fruit fly, is a cost-effective model organism with certain qualities that make it an ideal research tool in various fields of science. Since that time the simple genome of Drosophila melanogaster has become very well known, allowing for much of the progression of genetic research. [174] At fast walking speeds (15–30 mm/s), the walking configuration is mostly tripod (3 legs in stance), but at low walking speeds (0–15 mm/s), flies are more likely to have four or five legs in stance. [179], Characteristics of Drosophila flight may be dominated by the viscosity of the air, rather than the inertia of the fly body, but the opposite case with inertia as the dominant force may occur. cancerous cells) by producing Eiger, a tumor necrosis factor signalling molecule that promotes JNK signalling and ultimately cell death and apoptosis.[145]. [8] They exhibit sexual dimorphism; females are about 2.5 mm (0.10 in) long; males are slightly smaller with darker backs. The pathway culminates with the translocation of the NF-κB transcription factors Dorsal and Dif (Dorsal-related immunity factor) into the nucleus. Drosophila definition, a fly of the genus Drosophila, especially D. melanogaster, used in laboratory studies of genetics and development. This technique made it possible to assign a particular characteristic to a specific anatomical location. Variability around the tripod configuration appears to be continuous, meaning that flies do not exhibit distinct transitions between different gaits. Drosophila Melanogaster Drosophila was first used as a model organism by Thomas Morgan in the early 1900s. First, Morgan took the white mutant and bred it with pure red-eyed female flies. Recibe este nombre debido a que se lo encuentra alimentándose de frutas en proceso de fermentación tales como la manzana, plátano, uva etc. [165], As in vertebrate vision, visual transduction in invertebrates occurs via a G protein-coupled pathway. Upon infection, pro-Spatzle is cleaved by the protease SPE (Spatzle processing enzyme) to become active Spatzle, which binds to the Toll receptor located on the cell surface of the fat body and dimerizes for activation of downstream NF-κB signaling pathways, including multiple death domain containing proteins and negative regulators such as the ankyrin repeat protein Cactus. A sodium-calcium exchanger known as CalX pumps the calcium out of the cell. In order for aggression to occur, male flies produce sounds to communicate their intent. [153], As with most insects, aggressive behaviors between male flies commonly occur in the presence of courting a female and when competing for resources. Naïve D. melanogaster will also attempt to court females that are not yet sexually mature, and other males. He used the Drosophila to study genetics and showed that genes were arranged on chromosomes in a linear array. Wild type fruit flies are yellow-brown, with brick-red eyes and transverse black rings across the abdomen. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and lends itself well to behavioral studies. The work for which the prize was awarded was completed over a 17-year period at Columbia University, commencing in 1910 with his discovery of the white-eyed mutation in the fruit fly, Drosophila. They started off experiments using milk bottles to rear the fruit flies and handheld lenses for observing their traits. It was nearly 100 years ago that Thomas H. Morgan reported the identification of the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster. [152], Flies use a modified version of Bloom filters to detect novelty of odors, with additional features including similarity of novel odor to that of previously experienced examples, and time elapsed since previous experience of the same odor. Eine hohe Konzentration Bicoid am vorderen Pol des … The first decade was roughly from 1910 and during this period a small group at Columbia University, headed by Thomas Hunt Morgan, established the rules of transmission genetics with which … Drosophila melanogaster is a holometabolous insect, so it undergoes a full metamorphosis. Hoy en día se emplean medios más sofisticados que incluyen frutas maceradas y preservativos … However, Morgan noticed a a white-eyed fruit fly that had mysteriously appeared without bombardment of mutagenic treatments. Vinegar fly, (genus Drosophila), any member of a genus in the small fruit fly family, Drosophilidae (order Diptera). Morgan became the first geneticist to be awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1934. [6] D. melanogaster is a common pest in homes, restaurants, and other places where food is served.[7]. By comparing the observed results with the predicted results, Morgan determined that his hypothesis was supported. For example, the absence of a particular gene in Drosophila will result in a mutant embryo that does not develop a heart. Aspetto fisico. [160] This is possibly due to an over-abundance of food resources. He used the Drosophila to study genetics and showed that genes were arranged on chromosomes in a linear array. Morgan immediately crossed the white-eyed male fruit fly to … [7] However, because Drosophila do not transmit human disease and are essentially harmless, they do not fulfill the criteria to be classified as a pest. Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near unripe and rotted fruit. Morgan argued that scientists had a bias towards associating phenomena, like the inheritance of traits, with known structures, like the chromosome. By the early 1900s, other scientists aiming to explain heredity began to reapply Mendel’s theory. [32], The mechanism that affects courtship behavior in Drosophila is controlled by the oscillator neurons DN1s and LNDs. The fat body is the primary secretory organ and produces key immune molecules upon infection, such as serine proteases and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). After observing the white-eye inheritance pattern, Morgan hypothesized that a factor, or gene, controlling eye color was located on the X chromosome. A last male precedence is believed to exist; the last male to mate with a female sires about 80% of her offspring. D. melanogaster males show little to no preference for D. melanogaster females over females of other species or even other male flies. Starting with Charles W. Woodworth's proposal of the use of this species as a model organism, D. melanogaster continues to be widely used for biological research in studies of genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and life … [75] The fly is also being used to study mechanisms underlying aging and oxidative stress, immunity, diabetes, and cancer, as well as drug abuse.[76][77][78]. Morgan received his Ph. [30] This modification also appears to have obvious evolutionary advantages, as increased mating efficiency is extremely important in the eyes of natural selection. Due to it’s small size, … [79] A version of this is available online. On a larger scale, food was found to determine the boundaries of a territory since flies were observed to be more aggressive at the food's physical perimeter. Specifically, when competing for food, aggression occurs based on amount of food available and is independent of any social interactions between males. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) History: Thomas Hunt Morgan began using fruit flies in genetic studies at Columbia University in 1910. Drosophila consistently begin a grooming sequence by using their front legs to clean the eyes, then the head and antennae. It can be safely and readily anesthetized (usually with. Wild type (JB) and white eye … Unfortunately, characterization of invertebrate glycan diversity has generally lagged behind that of vertebrate systems. In one mating, Morgan took a red-eyed male and mated it with a white-eyed female. The fourth chromosome is so tiny, it is often ignored, aside from its important eyeless gene. The work for which the prize was awarded was completed over a 17-year period at Columbia University, commencing in 1910 with his discovery of the white-eyed mutation in the fruit fly, Drosophila. Morgan apparently began breeding Drosophila in 1908. Eye color genes regulate cellular vesicular transport. Displacement from the seminal receptacle is more significant than displacement from the spermathecae. In 1909 he observed a small but discrete variation known as white-eye in a single male fly in one of his culture bottles. ", Morgan, Thomas H. "Sex Limited Inheritance in, Morgan, Thomas H. “Random Segregation Versus Coupling in Mendelian Inheritance.”. Ein Fliegenpaar hat bis zu 400 Nachkommen, sodass eine gute Auswertbarkeit gesichert ist. Males displayed the white eye trait because the trait was present on their only X chromosome. white, abbreviated w, was the first sex-linked mutation discovered, found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan and Lilian Vaughan Morgan collected a single male white-eyed mutant from a population of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, which usually have dark brick red compound eyes.Upon crossing this male with wild-type female flies, they found that the offspring did … Because males only have one X chromosome, they display all X-linked traits. Staining chromosomes enabled researchers to observe chromosomes throughout development. Flies belonging to the family Tephritidae are also called "fruit flies". More than 60% of the genome appears to be functional non-protein-coding DNA[70] involved in gene expression control. [158] This male-specific pheromone causes an increase in male-male aggression when detected by another male's gustatory system. Drosophila melanogaster ( literalmente “ amante del rocio de vientre negro”), también llamada mosca del vinagre o mosca de la fruta, es una especie de díptero braquícero de la familia Drosophilidae. Work by Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) and his students at Columbia University at the beginning of the twentieth century led to great discoveries such as sex-linked inheritance and that ionising radiation causes mutations in genes. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly or vinegar fly. The gene network (transcriptional and protein interactions) governing the early development of the fruit fly embryo is one of the best understood gene networks to date, especially the patterning along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes (See under morphogenesis).[90]. InaD contains five binding domains called PDZ domain proteins, which specifically bind the C termini of target proteins. Rh undergoes a conformational change into its active form, metarhodopsin. As of 2017, six Nobel prizes had been awarded for research using Drosophila. [139] The mechanisms through which many of these proteins act is still under investigation. In 1911, Morgan published more details of his experiments with the white-eyed mutant, an account in which Morgan explicitly stated that chromosomes carry heritable factors, or genes. Determination of sex in Drosophila occurs by the X:A ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, not because of the presence of a Y chromosome as in human sex determination. These changes include increased selectivity for courting only intraspecifically, as well as decreased courtship times. Some species, particularly D. melanogaster, are used extensively in laboratory and field experiments on genetics and evolution because they… Mutaciones. [134][135] The Imd-regulated AMP Diptericin B is also produced by the fat body specifically in the head, and Diptericin B is required for long-term memory formation. Soon after, the male positions himself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the female genitalia. Finally, the male curls his abdomen and attempts copulation. Photograph of Morgan's Fly Room at Columbia University, around 1920. The enzymes needed for pigment synthesis are then transported to the cell's pigment granule, which holds pigment precursor molecules.[56]. This decreased mating latency leads to a greater mating efficiency for experienced males over naïve males. [89], The life cycle of this insect has four stages: fertilized egg, larva, pupa, and adult.[6]. In addition, proteins called arrestins bind metarhodopsin and prevent it from activating more Gq. Drosophila flies have both X and Y chromosomes, as well as autosomes. One convention in Drosophila, which Morgan initiated, is naming mutations to reflect the nature of their phenotype (the observable effects of the mutation). To alleviate this … [162] However, when octopamine agonists were administered upon these sleep-deprived flies, aggression levels were seen to be increased and sexual fitness was subsequently restored. [164] The membrane of the rhabdomere is packed with about 100 million rhodopsin molecules, the visual protein that absorbs light. [177] For instance, a robust gait may be particularly important when traversing uneven terrain, as it may cause unexpected disruptions in leg coordination. Some of the experiments performed in Morgan’s laboratory indicated linkage because the genes did not assort independently. In the early twentieth century, Morgan and his student's were vigurously working to create a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with a unique phenotype by exposing the flies to heat, acids, bases, X-rays and other chemicals. By 1904, Morgan had begun to study the processes that affect heredity and development at Columbia University. El rol de los … Sex is instead determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. [178], In addition to stability, the robustness of a walking gait is also thought to be important in determining the gait of a fly at a particular walking speed. Researchers called those structures chromosomes because of the way staining materials colored them. There has been a long history of using Drosophila genetics as a tool for understanding biology dating back to Morgan's experiments over 100 years ago. Disruption of the complex by mutations in either the PDZ domains or the target proteins reduces the efficiency of signaling. Salah satu kelompok peneliti, T.H. La peculiarità dei caratteri legati al sesso è il fatto che portano informazioni ereditarie le quali non seguono le leggi mendeliane. Various genetic tools, protocols, and assays make Drosophila a classical model for studying the innate immune system,[114] which has even included immune research on the international space station.[115]. [95] Circadian rhythms are also subject to developmental plasticity. KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULER LALAT BUAH ( Drosophila melanogaster Meigen) Ummi Sundari dan Abah Totok Pratikno yang totalitas memberi kash sayang, mendoakan, dan … That result indicated that the flies did not follow Mendel’s ratio in a traditional sense. After the 10th division, the pole cells form at the posterior end of the embryo, segregating the germ line from the syncytium. In the following years, Morgan and a group of scientists at Columbia University established the chromosome theory of inheritance, which described the role that chromosomes play in heredity. For polygamous flies, their reproductive success increases by having offspring with multiple partners, and therefore they spend more time and energy on courting multiple females. To study the genetics of the white-eye trait, Morgan crossed the original white-eyed male with a red-eyed While the traits described above are expected to manifest similarly across sexes, developmental temperature can also produce sex-specific effects in D. melanogaster adults. Vinegar fly, (genus Drosophila), any member of a genus in the small fruit fly family, Drosophilidae (order Diptera). In addition, males with previous sexual experience modify their courtship dance when attempting to mate with new females—the experienced males spend less time courting, so have lower mating latencies, meaning that they are able to reproduce more quickly. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster, National Center for Biotechnology Information database, "Non-African populations of Drosophila melanogaster have a unique origin", "FlyBase: A database of Drosophila genes and genomes", "Measurement of lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster", "Frequent replenishment sustains the beneficial microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster", "Effect of laboratory acclimation on the variation of reproduction-related characters in Drosophila melanogaster", "Fruit fly research may reveal what happens in female brains during courtship, mating", 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<363::AID-ARCH9>3.0.CO;2-T, "The Genomic Basis of Postponed Senescence in Drosophila melanogaster", "Evidence for premature aging in a Drosophila model of Werner syndrome", "Drosophila mate copying correlates with atmospheric pressure in a speed learning situation", "Male fruit flies learn to avoid interspecific courtship", "Sexual experience enhances Drosophila melanogaster male mating behavior and success", "tinman and bagpipe: two homeo box genes that determine cell fates in the dorsal mesoderm of Drosophila", "The structure and evolution of cis-regulatory regions: the shavenbaby story", "Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase: mechanism of aldehyde oxidation and dismutation", "The influence of Adh function on ethanol preference and tolerance in adult Drosophila melanogaster", "Genetics and genomics of alcohol responses in Drosophila", "Ecological Niche Difference Associated with Varied Ethanol Tolerance between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)", "Deletion of a conserved regulatory element in the Drosophila Adh gene leads to increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity but also delays development", "The Drosophila black enigma: the molecular and behavioural characterization of the black1 mutant allele", "The development of pigment granules in the eyes of wild type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster", "TEACHER REFERENCE PAGES-FLY EYE PIGMENTS LAB", "Identification and characteristics of the structural gene for the Drosophila eye colour mutant sepia, encoding PDA synthase, a member of the omega class glutathione S-transferases", "An Eye on Trafficking Genes: Identification of Four Eye Color Mutations in Drosophila", "Inheritance Patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster", "Mutant Isoalleles at the Vermilion Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster", "The extended life span of Drosophila melanogaster eye-color (white and vermilion) mutants with impaired formation of kynurenine", "What serial homologs can tell us about the origin of insect wings", "Control of Drosophila wing and haltere development by the nuclear vestigial gene product", "2010: A century of Drosophila genetics through the prism of the white gene", "rosophila melanogaster White Mutant w1118 Undergo Retinal Degeneration", "The white gene controls copulation success in Drosophila melanogaster", "Molecular analysis of the yellow gene (y) region of Drosophila melanogaster", "NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) Genome Database", "Ubiquitous selective constraints in the Drosophila genome revealed by a genome-wide interspecies comparison", "Background on Comparative Genomic Analysis", "A systematic analysis of human disease-associated gene sequences in Drosophila melanogaster", "Homophila: human disease gene cognates in Drosophila", "Probing mechanisms that underlie human neurodegenerative diseases in Drosophila", "Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster--from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology", "Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study drug addiction", "FlyCircuit - A Database of Drosophila Brain Neurons", "Wiring economy and volume exclusion determine neuronal placement in the Drosophila brain", "A visual motion detection circuit suggested by Drosophila connectomics", "Entire Fruit Fly Brain Imaged with Electron Microscopy", "A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume of the Brain of Adult Drosophila melanogaster", "Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences", "Cold rearing improves cold-flight performance in Drosophila via changes in wing morphology", "Reversibility of developmental heat and cold plasticity is asymmetric and has long-lasting consequences for adult thermal tolerance", "Drosophila is maximised by optimal developmental temperature", "Metabolic and functional characterization of effects of developmental temperature in Drosophila melanogaster", "The Sex Determination Gene transformer Regulates Male-Female Differences in Drosophila Body Size", "The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster", "Comparative transcriptomics reveals CrebA as a novel regulator of infection tolerance in D. melanogaster", "The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila", "Negative regulation by amidase PGRPs shapes the Drosophila antibacterial response and protects the fly from innocuous infection", "Drosophila melanogaster infection model", "More Than Black or White: Melanization and Toll Share Regulatory Serine Proteases in Drosophila", "Immune genes and divergent antimicrobial peptides in flies of the subgenus Drosophila", "The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults", "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011", "The Circulating Protease Persephone Is an Immune Sensor for Microbial Proteolytic Activities Upstream of the Drosophila Toll Pathway", "An effector Peptide family required for Drosophila toll-mediated immunity", "Short-Form Bomanins Mediate Humoral Immunity in Drosophila", "Spätzle-Processing Enzyme-independent Activation of the Toll Pathway in Drosophila Innate Immunity", "Synergy and remarkable specificity of antimicrobial peptides in vivo using a systematic knockout approach", "A genetic framework controlling the differentiation of intestinal stem cells during regeneration in Drosophila", "The NF-κB Factor Relish Regulates Atg1 Expression and Controls Autophagy", "New insights on Drosophila antimicrobial peptide function in host defense and beyond", "Dnr1 mutations cause neurodegeneration in Drosophila by activating the innate immune response in the brain", "The innate immune response transcription factor relish is necessary for neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of ataxia-telangiectasia", "NF-κB Immunity in the Brain Determines Fly Lifespan in Healthy Aging and Age-Related Neurodegeneration", "Antimicrobial peptides modulate long-term memory", "Thioester-containing proteins regulate the Toll pathway and play a role in Drosophila defence against microbial pathogens and parasitoid wasps", "Cooperative regulation of the induction of the novel antibacterial Listericin by peptidoglycan recognition protein LE and the JAK-STAT pathway", "Drosophila as a model to study the role of blood cells in inflammation, innate immunity and cancer", "Identification of lipoteichoic acid as a ligand for draper in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Drosophila hemocytes", "The two origins of hemocytes in Drosophila", "Adult Drosophila Lack Hematopoiesis but Rely on a Blood Cell Reservoir at the Respiratory Epithelia to Relay Infection Signals to Surrounding Tissues", "A new behavioral bioassay for an analysis of sexual attraction and pheromones in insects", "The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm", "Distinct roles of TRP channels in auditory transduction and amplification in Drosophila", "Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of Drosophila larvae", "Homosexuality Turned On and Off in Fruit Flies", "A neural data structure for novelty detection", "Genetics and neurobiology of aggression in Drosophila", "Drosophila Using a Screen for Wing Damage", "Drosophila melanogaster females restore their attractiveness after mating by removing male anti-aphrodisiac pheromones", "Hierarchical chemosensory regulation of male-male social interactions in Drosophila", "How food controls aggression in Drosophila", "Interaction between sleep and metabolism in Drosophila with altered octopamine signaling", "Sleep deprivation suppresses aggression in Drosophila", "Drosophila as a genetic model for studying pathogenic human viruses", "Light activation, adaptation, and cell survival functions of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger CalX", "A suppression hierarchy among competing motor programs drives sequential grooming in Drosophila", "Inter-leg coordination in the control of walking speed in Drosophila", "Quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived Drosophila melanogaster", "Body size and the neural control of movement", "The aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in Drosophila", "Turning behaviour depends on frictional damping in the fruit fly Drosophila", "Fruit Flies: A Case Of Mistaken Identity", "Fruit flies on the front line: the translational impact of Drosophila", "Row over fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster name bugs scientists", "FlyBase—A Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drosophila_melanogaster&oldid=991288534, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.