On 31 October 1918, in mid of armistice negotiations, the Aster Revolution in Budapest brought liberal Hungarian aristocrat Count Mihály Károlyi, a supporter of the Allied Powers, to power. WikiMatrix WikiMatrix . [92], After the treaty, the percentage and the absolute number of all Hungarian populations outside of Hungary decreased in the next decades (although, some of these populations also recorded temporary increase of the absolute population number). The last alliance was the so called Little Entente (Südosteuropa Lexikon 354, Kertesz 45). Le condizioni militari furono simili a quelle imposte alla Germania dal trattato di Versailles (1919); l'esercito ungherese venne limitato a 35.000 uomini e dovette rinunciare alla coscrizione obbligatoria. "The Trianon Peace Treaty in Hungarian Historiography and Political Thinking.". [41] Kun formed a social democratic, communist coalition government and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The concession eroded support of the communist government among professional military officers and nationalists in the Hungarian Red Army; even the chief of the general staff Aurél Stromfeld, resigned his post in protest.[50]. Magyarok Trianonban.jpg 1,568 × 606; 276 KB. The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis. An arbitration committee in 1920 assigned small northern parts of the former Árva and Szepes counties of the Kingdom of Hungary with Polish majority population to Poland. [citation needed] During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost the control over approx. [118], Hungary's bitter memory was also a source of regional tension after the Cold War ended in 1989. The French sided with their allies the Romanians who had a long policy of cultural ties to France since the country broke from the Ottoman Empire (due in part to the relative ease at which Romanians could learn French)[114] although Clemenceau personally detested Bratianu. Il trattato venne firmato il 4 giugno 1920 nel palazzo del Grande Trianon di Versailles, in Francia.Gli attori principali del trattato furono le potenze vincitrici, i loro alleati, e la parte sconfitta. [98][99][100] Areas with significant Hungarian populations included the Székely Land[101] in Eastern Transylvania, the area along the newly defined Romanian-Hungarian border (cities of Arad, Oradea), the area north of the newly defined Czechoslovakian–Hungarian border (Komárno, Csallóköz), southern parts of Subcarpathia and northern parts of Vojvodina. Va comunque considerato il fatto che circa 3.000.000 di ungheresi vivono oggi fuori dai confini dell'odierna Ungheria (la popolazione dell'Ungheria è di 9,8 milioni). Király, Béla K. and László Veszprémy, eds. Hungary was progressing economically very well during late 19 th century into the twentieth century. On 3 June, Romania was forced into further retreat but extended its line of defence along the Tisza River and reinforced its position with the 8th Division, which had been moving forward from Bukovina since 22 May. By the end of October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Army was so fatigued that its commanders were forced to seek a ceasefire. Facts", "Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary", "Prague Congress of Oppressed nations, Details that Austrian censor suppressed – Text of revolutionary proclamation", "Browse Hungary's detailed ethnographic map made for the Treaty of Trianon online", "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995", The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis, "The Czechoslovak government policy and population exchange (A csehszlovák kormánypolitika és a lakosságcsere)", "Official Letter from Tom Lantos to Robert Fico", "U.S. lawmaker blames Slovak government for ethnically motivated attacks on Hungarians", "Kosovo's Actions Hearten a Hungarian Enclave", Ethnic map of Kingdom of Hungary without Croatia-Slavonia, "NATO Seen Favorably Across Member States", 1914-1918-online. After King Charles's withdrawal from government on 16 November 1918 made Károlyi proclaim the First Hungarian Republic, with himself as provisional president of the republic. [129] Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track, because at that time railways held substantial strategic importance economically and militarily.[139]. Czechoslovakia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were proclaimed and troops started deserting, disobeying orders and retreating. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Terjemahan Trattato del Trianon ke dalam bahasa Inggris "Hungarian Revisionism in Thought and Action, 1920–1941: Plans, Expectations, Reality" in Marina Cattaruzza ed., Várdy, Steven Béla. Original from Indiana University [42][43] The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist rump state. Laurence Emerson Gelfand, The Inquiry; American Preparation for Peace, 1917–1919 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 332. Translation for 'Trianon' in the free Italian-English dictionary and many other English translations. Rispetto al Regno di Ungheria (già facente parte dell'Impero austro-ungarico), i confini dell'Ungheria uscita dalla guerra non comprendevano: I confini definitivi vennero delineati dal trattato del Trianon nel 1920. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best. In late May, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Kun attempted to "fulfill" his promise to adhere to Hungary's historical borders. [110] The non-Hungarians that lived in the Pannonian Basin saw the Hungarians as colonial-style rulers who had oppressed the Slavs and Romanians since 1848, when they introduced laws that the language used in education and in local offices was to be Hungarian. In caso contrario, il trattato di Trianon finirà per rappresentare per tutti noi un ricordo tutt'altro che positivo. 4 June - Treaty of Trianon, Treaty of Peace between the Allies and Hungary. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. 1930); K. Rotschild, Austria's Economic Development Between the Two Wars (London, 1946). [citation needed]. [47] On 20 May 1919, a force under Colonel Aurél Stromfeld attacked and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc. This territorial expansion was short-lived, since the post-war Hungarian boundaries in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 were nearly identical to those of 1920 (with three villages – Horvátjárfalu, Oroszvár, and Dunacsún – transferred to Czechoslovakia). [14][15], Only one plebiscite was allowed about the disputed borders on the former territory of Kingdom of Hungary after World War I. Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its former territory that were assigned under their sovereignty. "The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism. Hungarian troops prevailed and the Romanian Army retreated to its bridgehead at Tokaj. Some Slovak demographers (such as Ján Svetoň [sk] and Julius Mesaros) dispute the result of every pre-war census. [127][128][129] New borders also bisected transport links – in the Kingdom of Hungary the road and railway network had a radial structure, with Budapest in the centre. According to the National Office for Refugees, the number of Hungarians who immigrated to Hungary from neighbouring countries was about 350,000 between 1918 and 1924.[93]. The final borders of Hungary were defined by the Treaty of Trianon signed on 4 June 1920. In their eyes, that was for the damned in Hell." Traduzioni in contesto per "Trianon" in italiano-tedesco da Reverso Context: In caso contrario, il trattato di Trianon finirà per rappresentare per tutti noi un ricordo tutt'altro che positivo. Industrial workers from Budapest volunteered. La ĉi-suba teksto estas aŭtomata traduko de la artikolo Treaty of Trianon article en la angla Vikipedio, farita per la sistemo GramTrans on 2017-08-23 15:01:21. While several demographers (David W. Paul,[80] Peter Hanak, László Katus[81]) state that the outcome of the census is reasonably accurate (assuming that it is also properly interpreted), others believe that the 1910 census was manipulated[82][83] by exaggerating the percentage of the speakers of Hungarian, pointing to the discrepancy between an improbably high growth of the Hungarian-speaking population and the decrease of percentual participation of speakers of other languages due to Magyarization in the kingdom in the late 19th century.[84]. [27] Károlyi yielded to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's demand for pacifism by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian army. This census recorded population by language and religion, but not by ethnicity. Ovviamente questi non furono mai rispettati dai paesi eredi. Due to the full disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 26 apr 2020 alle 21:56. This started by the First Vienna Award, then was continued with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1939 (annexation of the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and a small strip from eastern Slovakia), afterwards by the Second Vienna Award in 1940, and finally by the annexations of territories after the breakup of Yugoslavia. [63][66][67] The Allies assigned territories that were mostly populated by non-Hungarian ethnicities to successor states, but also allowed these states to absorb sizeable territories that were mainly inhabited by Hungarian-speaking populations. Se vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la originalan Esperanto-Vikipedion, vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt-interfacon. The truncated Kingdom had a population of 7.6 million, 36% compared to the pre-war kingdom's population of 20.9 million. The Hungarian Red Army moved its 1st and 5th artillery divisions—40 battalions—to Upper Hungary. According to another source, population distribution in 1910 looked as follows: The territories of the former Hungarian Kingdom that were ceded by the treaty to neighbouring countries in total (and each of them separately) had a majority of non-Hungarian nationals; however, the Hungarian ethnic area was much larger than the newly established territory of Hungary,[91] therefore 30 percent of the ethnic Hungarians were under foreign authority. In addition, 61% of arable land, 74% of public roads, 65% of canals, 62% of railroads, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial plants, and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the former Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours. Importance of Hungary. In spite of the country being under Allied blockade, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was formed and the Hungarian Red Army was rapidly set up. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, these temporary borders did not include: The territories of Banat, Bačka and Baranja (which included most of the pre-war Hungarian counties of Baranya, Bács-Bodrog, Torontál, and Temes) came under military control by the Kingdom of Serbia and political control by local South Slavs. Their long-term goal was to build a coalition of small new nations led by France and capable of standing up to Russia or Germany. Guarda gli esempi di traduzione di Trattato del Trianon nelle frasi, ascolta la pronuncia e impara la grammatica. [51] The lengthy negotiation process was recorded on a daily basis by János Wettstein [hu], deputy first secretary of the Hungarian delegation. [21][22] It called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexation. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg musste Ungarn zwei Drittel seines früheren Staatsgebietes abgeben. Il trauma del trattato, la perdita del territorio, delle risorse economiche, e della popolazione costrinsero l'Ungheria a perseguire una politica irredenta nel periodo interbellico. This could be attributed to the introduction of aggressive nationalistic policies by local political leaders. However, after the Central Powers had noticed the military manoeuvre, the attempt was quickly choked off and Bucharest fell in the same year. [63] During prior negotiations, the Hungarian party, along with the Austrian, advocated the American principle of self-determination: that the population of disputed territories should decide by free plebiscite to which country they wished to belong. Il trattato venne firmato il 4 giugno 1920 nel palazzo del Grand Trianon di Versailles (Francia) The disintegration of the multi-national state conversely impacted neighbouring countries, too: In Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria a fifth to a third of the rural population could find no work, and industry was in no position to absorb them. Representatives of small nations living in the former Austria-Hungary and active in the Congress of Oppressed Nations regarded the treaty of Trianon for being an act of historical righteousness[70] because a better future for their nations was "to be founded and durably assured on the firm basis of world democracy, real and sovereign government by the people, and a universal alliance of the nations vested with the authority of arbitration" while at the same time making a call for putting an end to "the existing unbearable domination of one nation over the other" and making it possible "for nations to organize their relations to each other on the basis of equal rights and free conventions". Days later the Communists purged the Social Democrats from the government. Il 31 ottobre 1918, a Timișoara venne proclamata la Repubblica del Banato e il governo ungherese ne riconobbe l'indipendenza. On the other hand, a considerable number of other nationalities remained within the frontiers of the independent Hungary: According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language: The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.