Lecture by Karl von Habsburg-Lorraine: The role of the military in the protection of cultural assets (2019). Jagdkommando soldiers are highly trained professionals whose thorough and rigorous training enables them to take over when tasks or situations outgrow the capabilities and specialization of conventional units. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Some of the traditions of the old Austro-Hungarian Army continue to be carried on in Bundesheer. 30-apr-2014 - Find high resolution royalty-free images, editorial stock photos, vector art, video footage clips and stock music licensing at the richest image search photo library online. Some of the Landwehrstammregiment also trained and fielded an active Jäger battalion. At the National Defence Academy in Vienna, which has a curriculum comparable to those of the National Defence University and the Army War College in the United States, operational and troop commanders of field-grade rank study for three years in preparation for general staff and command positions. Total personnel strength—both standing forces and reserves—is to be materially contracted under the new plan. The capital Vienna would not have been defended and was therefore excluded from defense preparations.[7][8][9]. The company which built the vessels closed in 1994. At the army level were a headquarters, guard, and special forces battalions and an artillery battalion at cadre strength. Per l'esercito della Confederazione tedesca, vedi tedesca esercito federale. Insofar as the legally constituted civil authority requests its co-operation, the army is further charged with protecting constitutional institutions and their capacity to act, as well as the democratic freedoms of the inhabitants; maintaining order and security in the interior; and rendering aid in disasters and mishaps of extraordinary scope. Austria took first place in the Strong Europe Tank Challenge 2017 as six nations and partner nations battled it out in Grafenwoehr, Germany. The larger vessel RPB Niederösterreich was also commissioned 12 years later. Nelle forze armate austriache l'uso delle mostrine, dette Paroli, risale al Settecento, quando distinguevano i reggimenti di carabinieri da quelli di corazzieri, identici per armamento. to render assistance in the case of natural catastrophes and disasters of exceptional magnitude. A total of 30 new Landwehrstammregimenter were to be raised. Inoltre, in questo contesto, sta diventando sempre più importante che l'Austria sia membro dell'Unione europea e del partenariato per la pace. Select 100 images or less to download. Those with a baccalaureate degree can expect to reach grade VII (colonel), and those without university training will retire as captains or majors. Since 2019 the new service uniform with a six colour camouflage pattern is issued, but the old service uniform in olive is still widespread and will be taken out of service very slowly. Recently, Austria has spent considerable amounts of money modernizing its military arsenal. The central area was therefore of essential importance and had to be defended at its entrances. Personnel changes can be implemented only gradually, as the surplus of officers shrinks by attrition. Le forze austriache, dovettero accettare una tregua, che si concretizzò nel trattato di Campoformio, il 17 ottobre 1797. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. Nel 1851, in seguito alla soppressione del Confine Militare di Transilvania, i 4 reggimenti di fanteria confinaria arruolati in quel territorio, furono trasformati in altrettanti reggimenti di fanteria di linea con caratteristiche uniformologiche ungheresi. 3rd Brigade was at Mautern an der Donau, 4th at Linz, and 9th Brigade at Götzendorf an der Leitha. Oltre all'indipendenza delle nuove repubbliche formatesi, la Francia acquisiva i Paesi Bassi e la riva sinistra del Reno, gli austriaci inglobavano i territori della Repubblica di … Under a 1974 law, conscientious objectors can be assigned work as medical orderlies, or other occupations in lieu of military service. I Paroli hanno un bottone vicino al margine esterno (o superiore, nel caso di giubba aperta con risvolti). Two corps headquarters, one in the east at Graz and one in the west at Salzburg, would, on mobilization, command the provincially organized units in their respective zones. “Le forze armate austriache sono pronte a cooperare militarmente con la Russia, nonostante gli avvertimenti delle altre potenze mondiali”. Besides one squadron of 15 Eurofighter Typhoons, the air force has a squadron with 28 Saab 105 trainers, which double as reconnaissance and close air support planes. Le forze armate austriache, nome ufficiale Österreichisches Bundesheer ("esercito federale dell' Austria "), si dividono in forze di terra ( Kommando Landstreitkräfte; KdoLaSK), forze aeree ( Kommando Luftstreitkräfte; KdoLuSK), supporto missioni ( Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU), missioni internazionali ( Kommando Internationale Einsätze; KdoIE), supporto di comando ( Kommando … All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. This repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection. to maintain order and security inside the country. Vittorio Emanuele III arriva con rinforzi e pone in fuga le forze austriache, le truppe italiane prendono possesso di importanti e strategiche posizioni presso Monte San Michele Creator Waldron, Harry A Date Created and/or Issued 1915? In administering the armed forces, the Ministry for National Defence is organized into four principal sections and the inspectorate general: Section I deals with legal and legislative matters; Section II handles personnel and recruitment matters, including discipline and grievances; Section III is concerned with troop command, schools, and other facilities, and it also comprises departments G-1 through G-5 as well as a separate department for air operations; and Section IV deals with procurement and supply, quartermaster matters, armaments, and ordnance (see fig. Gwen ha iniziato a sparare nel 2018, l'idea per il blog è nata dopo aver partecipato al Girlscamp delle Forze Armate austriache in quell'anno. Conscripts may attain the rank of private first class by the completion of initial training. In the early 1990s, about 45,000 conscripts completed their initial military training every year, and 80,000 reservists participated in some form of exercises each year. The Drakens, reconditioned after having served the Swedish Air Force since the early 1960s, were armed, in accordance with the restrictions on missiles in the State Treaty of 1955, only with a cannon. Totale Sfondi: 8 creato a: 2017-02-25 04:17:25. The war in the neighbouring Balkans resulted in the lifting of the restrictions on the range of weaponry of the Austrian military that had been imposed by the Austrian State Treaty. “Le forze armate austriache sono pronte a cooperare militarmente con la Russia, nonostante gli avvertimenti delle altre potenze mondiali”. The arrival of Warsaw Pact forces in southern Bavaria within the first six days after the start of hostilities would have prompted NATO to use tactical nuclear weapons to block the enemy approach routes through Upper Austria. Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars, Structure of the Austrian Armed Forces in 1989, 29 May 1990 the "Wehrgesetz 1978" was cancelled, Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Wehrgesetz 1990, Fassung vom 31.12.1992, List of former equipment of the Austrian Army, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+at0157%29, "Im Kalten Krieg drohte Österreich atomare Vernichtung", "Feuertaufe für die Raumverteidigung - RVÜ79", "Das entscheidende Gelände der Raumverteidigung 1", "Die Geschichte der 3. In 2003 the air force received 3 C-130K Hercules transport aircraft to support the armed forces in their UN peacekeeping and humanitarian activities. Currently (June 14, 2016) there are Bundesheer forces in: Cultural property protection has been firmly anchored in the Austrian Armed Forces since 1980. {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}}, View {{carousel.total_number_of_results}} results. Luftstreitkräfte, tradotto dalla lingua tedesca Forze aeree (in lingua inglese Air Force), è l'aeronautica militare delle forze armate austriache. “Le forze armate austriache sono pronte a cooperare militarmente con la Russia, nonostante gli avvertimenti delle altre potenze mondiali”. The nine officer ranks from officer candidate through general correspond to grades I through IX of the civil service system. In 1991, the army had four officers of general rank, fifty-nine at the rank of brigadier general (one star), 155 colonels, and 254 lieutenant colonels. A ll’alba del 24 maggio le forze navali austriache bombardarono Ancona ed il sommergibile Argo­ nauta ebbe ordine di uscire per l’offesa. The Austrian Armed Forces' main purpose since then has been the protection of Austria's neutrality. The Austrian Armed Forces (German: Bundesheer, lit. Luftstreitkräfte, tradotto dalla lingua tedesca Forze aeree (in lingua inglese Air Force), è l'aeronautica militare delle forze armate austriache. The air force uniform is identical, with the addition of wings worn on the right jacket breast—gold for officers and silver for enlisted personnel. There are two warrant officer ranks—Offiziersstellvertreter and Vizeleutnant. Each of the nine provincial military commands supervised the training and maintenance activities of their training and equipment-holding regiments. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. The three Panzergrenadier brigades were assigned to the 1st Panzergrenadier Division and based along the Danube valley from Vienna to Linz. your own Pins on Pinterest Luftstreitkräfte, tradotto dalla lingua tedesca Forze aeree (in lingua inglese Air Force), è l'aeronautica militare delle forze armate austriache. [7][8], Each Austrian military command was numbered from 1 to 9, with all zones and units assigned to the command or part of the command starting with the same number. [5] Furthermore the central area acted as main depot of Austria's war stocks. Branches of service are identified by beret colours: scarlet for the honour Guard; green for infantry; black for armour; cherry for airborne; and dark blue for quartermaster. The Austrian military has a wide variety of equipment. [29] The Austrian soldiers used Leopard 2A4 tanks during the competition.[29]. The mobile Landwehr was the Austrian armed forces reserve, which once the intentions of the opponent were determined, could be used to counterattack enemy formations. Officers with advanced degrees (for which study at the National Defence Academy qualifies) can expect to attain grade VIII before reaching the retirement age of sixty to sixty-five. Проверете превода италиански-немски на думата armate в онлайн речника на PONS тук! 'Federal Army') are the combined military forces of the Republic of Austria and the main military organisation responsible for national defence.. 1 reinforced key area designated Block Zone 33 (Sperrzone 33), Landwehr battalions (Landwehrbataillone) tasked with defending their zone, Blocking battalions and companies (Sperrbataillone and Sperrkompanien) tasked to man more than 500 bunkers and fortified positions, Jagdkampf battalions and companies (Jagdkampfbataillone and Jagdkampfkompanien) tasked to fight behind enemy lines and disrupt enemy supply lines, River-blocking companies (Flusssperrkompanien) tasked with blocking river fords, Guard companies (Wachkompanien) tasked to guard key infrastructure, Guard-blocking companies (Wachsperrkompanien) tasked to guard and defend key transport infrastructure, and to prevent the enemy from capturing it, Stationary artillery batteries (Artilleriebatterie ortsfest) with, Operational Area East under Corps Command I, in, Operational Area Center under Corps Command II, in, Operational Area West under Military Command Tyrol, in, 12th Landwehrstammregiment, in Eisenstadt (Area Security Zone 12), 2nd Jäger Brigade, in Vienna (in wartime assigned to Lower Austria Military Command), 21st Landwehrstammregiment, in Vienna (Area Security Zone 21 in Lower Austria), 33rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Mautern an der Donau (Block Zone 33), 36th Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 36, formation suspended with the 1987 reform), 4th Panzergrenadier Brigade, in Linz (covering Block Zone 45), 42nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Linz (Area Security Zone 42), 51st Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 51, formation suspended with the 1987 reform), 52nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Feldbach (Area Security Zone 52), 54th Landwehrstammregiment, in Graz (Key Zone 54), 56th Landwehrstammregiment (Subzone 56, formation suspended with the 1987 reform), 65th Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 65, formation suspended with the 1987 reform), 72nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Klagenfurt (Area Security Zone 72), 81st Landwehrstammregiment, in Salzburg (Area Security Zone 81), 82nd Landwehrstammregiment, in St Johann im Pongau (Subzone 82), Christopher Eger, The Final End of the Austrian Navy, on the site militaryhistory.suite101.com, 2006, Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (, Minesweeping operation in the Strait of Hormuz, (Operation Cleansweep, 1987 – 1988), Police contingent in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Multinational Advisory Police Element in Albania, General security surveillance mission in Kosovo, This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 18:27. After a further three years, regular officer candidates attending the military academy at Wiener Neustadt and militia officer candidates undergoing periodic intensified refresher training qualify as second lieutenants. Jan 15, 2018 - Check out all media from WW2Aircraft.net Forums The Raumverteidigung divided the entire nation into Key Zones (Schlüsselzonen), Area Security Zones (Raumsicherungszonen), and Subzones (Teilzonen). Moltissimi esempi di frasi con "Austrian armed forces" – Dizionario italiano-inglese e motore di ricerca per milioni di traduzioni in italiano. The general troop inspectorate is a separate section of the ministry with responsibility for co-ordination and fulfilment of the missions of the armed forces. Moneta celebrativa dei 60 anni del Bundeshher, le forze armate austriache; attive in diverse operazioni di soccorso e in missioni internazionali. The minister for national defence, acting in co-operation with the minister for interior, coordinates the work of the four major committees under the National Defence Council: the Military Defence Committee; the Civil Defence Committee; the Economic Defence Committee; and the Psychological Defence Committee. Forze armate austriache (الإيطالي to الإيطالي translation). ilgiornale.it Russia, scacco alla … Career NCOs form part of the same comprehensive personnel structure. In 1993, the total active complement of the armed forces was 52,000, of whom 20,000 to 30,000 were conscripts undergoing training of six to eight months. Luftstreitkräfte , tradotto dalla lingua tedesca Forze aeree (in lingua inglese Air Force ), è l' aeronautica militare delle forze armate austriache . La ripresa Rights Managed di qualità SD dalla collezione Vienna / Austria / 1930 - 1939 di video stock è pronta per la licenza online e il download personalizzato. The first of these missiles were purchased from Swedish air force inventory, while later a higher performance model was acquired directly from the United States, with deliveries commencing in 1995. The mobile Landwehr consisted of six light Jäger brigades, which would only be fully manned during wartime, and three Panzergrenadier brigades, equipped with main battle tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, which were fully manned at all times. Sfoglia 265 forze armate austriache fotografie stock e immagini disponibili, o avvia una nuova ricerca per scoprire altre fotografie stock e immagini. Both types of zones were to be defended by militia formations. The only exception was the 9th Panzergrenadier Brigade, which carried the number of the Vorarlberg Military Command in the extreme West of the country, but was based near Vienna in the East of the country and manned by conscripts from Vienna. Jan 20, 2018 - Ruins of buildings in Salcano (Solkan), Slovenia. Vittorio Emanuele III arriva con rinforzi e pone in fuga le forze austriache, le truppe italiane prendono possesso di importanti e strategiche posizioni presso Monte San Michele Creator Waldron, Harry A Date Created and/or Issued 1915? Hunting Command) is the Austrian Armed Forces' Special Operations group. However, following Austria's revised interpretation of its obligations under the treaty, a decision was made in 1993 to procure AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. Oltre all'indipendenza delle nuove repubbliche formatesi, la Francia acquisiva i Paesi Bassi e la riva sinistra del Reno, gli austriaci inglobavano i territori della Repubblica di … Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [22] Panzergernadierbrigade", "Geländebefahrbarkeit der Schlüsselzone 35", http://www.bundesheer.at/cms/artikel.php?ID=9906, https://kurier.at/politik/inland/neue-tarnuniformen-ab-heute-ist-bundesheer-in-camouflage-look-im-einsatz/400424153, https://www.spartanat.com/2019/03/oesterreich-neue-tarnuniformen-ab-2018/, "Bundesheer - Uniformen und Abzeichen - Barettfarben", "Bundesheer - Uniformen und Abzeichen - Dienstgrade", Schutz des kulturellen Erbes (German - Protection of cultural heritgage), Austrian Armed Forces. Those volunteering for the career service can, after three to four years, apply to attend the NCO academy and later a senior NCO course to qualify as warrant officers. The armed forces consist solely of the army, of which the air force is considered a constituent part. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Under the area defence strategy, which determined the army's structure until 1993, the army was divided into three principal elements: the standing alert force (Bereitschaftstruppe) of active units, including the 1st Panzergrenadier Division and the air division; the mobile militia (Mobile Landwehr), organized as eight mechanized reserve brigades to be deployed to key danger spots in the event of mobilization; and the stationary militia (Raumgebundene Landwehr) of twenty-six reserve infantry regiments organized for territorial defence. Fondato: 18 marzo 1920 ; 100 anni fa ( ) The expected crossing of the Danube was expected to occur between Tulln and Krems, from where the enemy forces would have turned West to reach the Sankt Pölten area. The Austrian Army did develop a defence plan in 1938 against Germany[citation needed], but politics prevented it from being implemented. Until 1985, when the first of twenty-four Saab 35 Draken were delivered, the country had remained essentially without the capacity to contest violations of its airspace. Translate Forze armate austriache to الإيطالي online and download now our free translation software to use at any time. Uno Short SC.7 Skyvan nella livrea dell'Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte. The IBM strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at dam.ibm.com. NATO's Central Army Group in Southern Germany was arrayed against attacks from East Germany and Czechoslovakia, with only the German Army's 10th Panzer Division available to cover the army group's Austrian flank. The military protection of cultural assets and the military preservation of cultural heritage, Colonel Dominik Horn, Military cultural property protection (2016), Colonel Dominik Horn, "Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon", Austrian Army reforms spawn hybrid recce and artillery units, Austrian military ranks at official homepage, Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability, Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Crisis Management and Planning Directorate, Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management, Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space, Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service, Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation, Operations of the European Border and Coast Guard, Operations of the European Maritime Force, Operations of the European Rapid Operational Force, Missions of the European Gendarmerie Force, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Armed_Forces&oldid=993267656#Equipment, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 22.500 (of which 8.000 are civil servants), 945.000 of which 157.900 are joint structured. È il più grande acquisto da parte delle forze armate dai tempi degli Eurofighter, 17 anni fa. Insignia of rank are worn on the jacket lapel of the dress uniform (silver stars on a green or gold shield) and on the epaulets of the field uniform (white, silver or gold stars on an olive drab field).[18][19]. Also nearly every other regiment of the Bundesheer carries on traditions of the famous Austro-Hungarian regiments like "Kaiserjäger", "Rainer", etc. The education of career officers is conducted at the Maria Theresia Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt, forty-five kilometres south of Vienna, which was founded in 1752. The New Army Structure, which is intended to result in many fewer active-duty and reserve commands, compounds the difficulty. The only active units immediately available in an emergency were those of the standing alert force of some 15,000 career soldiers supplemented by eight-month conscripts. [21] There is intensive cooperation between the Austrian Armed Forces, United Nations, UNESCO and Blue Shield International on the protection of cultural goods. In 1958 the patrol boat RPC Oberst Brecht was commissioned as a naval squadron of the Army to patrol the Danube in protection of the country's neutrality. 30-apr-2014 - Find high resolution royalty-free images, editorial stock photos, vector art, video footage clips and stock music licensing at the richest image search photo library online. The fully mobilized army will decline in strength from 200,000 to 120,000. Salary levels are the same for both civil and military personnel in the equivalent grades, although various allowances may be added, such as flight pay or hazardous-duty pay. Jun 8, 2015 - German Fallschirmjager landing on the snowy hills around Narvik, to reinforce Gen Dietl's mountain troops, who had earlier captured the port Both regular and militia officer candidates undergo a one-year program of basic training. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera "Bundesheer" reindirizza qui. Austria, a landlocked country, has no heavy armed navy; from 1958 to 2006 however the Austrian army operated a naval squadron of patrol boats on the River Danube. Le forze tedesche arrivarunu in aiutu di le unità austriache impegnate in Transilvania, è Bucarest cadde à li piedi di li Imperi Centrali lu 6 dicembre. Look up the Italian to German translation of armate in the PONS online dictionary. French Mistral surface-to-air missiles systems were purchased to add ground-based protection against air attack. I Paroli hanno un bottone vicino al margine esterno … The three-year course graduated 212 students in 1990. In a public opinion survey in 1988, about 66 percent of those polled approved of opening the military to voluntary service by women; only nine percent favoured obligatory service. Проверете превода италиански-немски на думата armate в онлайн речника на PONS тук! Leopard 2 main battle tanks, Ulan and Pandur infantry fighting vehicles, C-130 Hercules transport planes, S-70 Black Hawk utility helicopters, and Eurofighter Typhoon multi-purpose combat aircraft have been purchased, along with new helicopters to replace the inadequate ones used after the 1999 Galtür Avalanche. Afterwards only the militia's infantry grew, making 1988-1989 the timeframe Austria's armed forces reached their maximum strength. The duties of this elite unit match those of its foreign counterparts, such as the United States Army Special Forces and British Special Air Service being amongst others counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency. The three mechanized brigades will be placed directly under the new Third Corps at Baden, although in the future one brigade may be assigned to each of the three corps. [15][16][17] The dress uniform is grey, for formal occasions a white uniform may be worn. To strengthen the flank NATO would have deployed the French Army's II Corps, which would have required seven days for mobilization and approach. Select from premium Forze Armate Austriache of the highest quality. Both the mobile militia and the stationary militia were brought up to strength only in times of mobilization or during periods allotted for refresher training, usually three weeks in June. By the early 1990s, some 1.3 million men had completed their initial service and refresher training obligations and had no further active-duty commitment. In 2006 conscription was reduced to six months total. The Chief of the General Staff acts as the senior military adviser to the Minister for National Defence, assists the minister in the exercise of his authority, and, as the head of the general staff, is responsible for planning. In 1971 the period of initial service was reduced to six months, followed by a total of sixty days of refresher training in the reserves. The Army Command and Austrian government would have retreat to a bunker complex in St Johann im Pongau in the central area. The Österreichisches Bundesheer (German for "Austrian Federal Army", officially referred to as the Austrian Armed Forces in English), is the name for the military of the Republic of Austria. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Key zones were set up in those areas of the national territory, which an aggressor had to take possession of in order to achieve his military goals. "Bundesheer" redirects here. It encompasses a general staff department, an attaché department, and planning and inspection groups. Reaction time is to be radically shortened so that part of the standing alert force can be deployed within hours to a crisis zone (for example, one adjacent to the border with Slovenia). With the fall of Communism and the inability to maintain and repair the vessels, the squadron was disbanded in 2006. In 1990, for example, two young men rejected by the alternate service commission on the grounds that they did not present their beliefs in a credible manner were sentenced to prison terms of three months and one month, respectively. On 6 October 1987, the Austrian government enacted the "Heeresgliederung 1987", which instructed the armed forces to stop the growth of the militia at 200,000. In wartime the operational commands would command nine brigades, which formed the mobile Landwehr. Troop schools provide continuous specialized courses for officers and NCOs in artillery, air defence, armour, combat engineering, communications, and the like. [8], In 1978 the Austrian Armed Forces enacted its new concept of Raumverteidigung. The availability of about 40,000 fit trainees annually in 1993 was expected to fall to barely 30,000 by 2000 and to 26,000 by 2015. Operationally the aim was to block the direct march lines through layered defenses in the key zones and to prevent an aggressor from freely using the space in the area security zones through mobile warfare. Безплатен езиков трейнър, глаголни таблици, функция произношение. Article 79 of the constitution, as amended in 1985, states that the Army is entrusted with the military defence of the country. Il mezzo era venduto sotto l’abbreviazione di 700 AP, ma era meglio noto come “Haflinger”. [2], The military consists of 22.500 active-duty personnel and 945.000 reservists. nel seguente quadro viene 'raccontata' la liberazione del capo di divisione e Principe del Regno d'Italia Umberto I. la fanteria della divisione Italiana venne circondata dagli Austriaci. During training as well as at the Theresian Military Academy, intensive reference is made to the protection of cultural property and the international experience of Blue Shield International. [7][8][10][9], The four subzones formed the Central Area in Austria's mountainous interior, which was outside of the anticipated main axis of a Warsaw Pact advance. [8], The Air Division and army's support troops were under direct Army Command.